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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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romania.4
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1991-04-10
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Economy
Overview: Industry, which accounts for one-third of the
labor force and generates over half the GNP, suffers from
an aging capital plant and persistent shortages of energy.
In recent years the agricultural sector has had to contend
with drought, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. Favorable
weather in 1989 helped produce a good harvest, although
far below government claims. The new government is slowly
loosening the tight central controls of Ceausescu's command
economy. It has instituted moderate land reforms, with close
to one-third of cropland now in private hands, and it has
allowed changes in prices for private agricultural output.
Also, the new regime is permitting the establishment of
private enterprises of 20 or fewer employees in services,
handicrafts, and small-scale industry. Furthermore, the
government has halted the old policy of diverting food from
domestic consumption to hard currency export markets. So
far, the government does not seem willing to adopt a
thorough-going market system.
GNP: $79.8 billion, per capita $3,445; real growth rate -1.5%
(1989 est.).
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0% (1987).
Unemployment rate: NA%.
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $21.6 billion,
including capital expenditures of $13.6 billion (1987).
Exports: $11.5 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--machinery
and equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured
consumer goods 16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry
products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986); partners--USSR 27%,
Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987).
Imports: $8.75 billion (f.o.b., 1988); commodities--fuels,
minerals, and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%,
agricultural and forestry products 11.0%, manufactured consumer
goods 4.2% (1986); partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist
countries 40% (1987).
External debt: none (mid-1989).
Industrial production: growth rate 3.6% (1988).
Electricity: 22,640,000 kW capacity; 80,000 million kWh
produced, 3,440 kWh per capita (1989).
Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum.
Agriculture: accounts for 15% of GNP and 28% of labor force;
major wheat and corn producer; other products--sugar beets,
sunflower seed, potatoes, milk, eggs, meat, grapes.
Aid: donor--$4.3 billion in bilateral aid to non-Communist
less developed countries (1956-88).
Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani.
Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--20.96 (February 1990),
14.922 (1989), 14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986),
17.141 (1985).
Fiscal year: calendar year.